Over the past decades, Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) and Polytechnic Universities have undergone significant transformation, with many aspiring to or evolving into recognized research institutions. These institutions have increased their research output and budgets, intensifying competition with traditional research universities for funding and status.

As both educational and emerging research hubs, many UAS have integrated doctoral students into their research centers and groups, with established scientists serving as formal and informal supervisors for early-career researchers within their own institutions and in collaboration with other universities. However, in many European countries, national legislation restricts UAS to offering only first- and second-cycle tertiary education. To overcome these limitations, applied science educators and researcher have pursued strategic collaborations and partnerships with comprehensive universities, enabling staff and students to participate in doctoral studies and nurture the next generation of research talent. In some countries, legislative barriers have been surmounted, paving the way for the gradual introduction of applied research PhD programs.This roundtable brings together four experts from three countries, each offering unique insights and perspectives on these developments.

• Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik is the former vice-rector of research at the University of Vienna and initiated the university’s doctoral school.
• Astrid Paulitsch-Fuchs is a microbiologist and professor at Carinthia University of Applied Sciences involved in interorganizational PhD supervision between UAS and comprehensive universities.
• Maria Potes Barbas is pro-rector of the Polytechnic University Santarém and has been at the forefront of introducing professional doctorates in Portugal.
• Frank van der Zwan-Scholtz from the Dutch Association of Universities of Applied Sciences has chiefly driven the idea of professional doctorates at UAS in the Netherlands.
• Zinzi Wits is a doctoral student at Inholland University of Applied Sciences and belongs to the second batch of students pursuing this form of doctorate.